Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain Experiment

Ischaemic Pain and Cold-induced Pain ExperimentResults spyglass piss seems to bring almost 60% more suffering than tourniquet. Placebo was quite effective against tourniquet (91.7%4.33) and had no effect on trash water (100.7%2.74) which appeared to be the second strongest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg combined with 8mg of codeine had forbid effect on tourniquet (105.9%7.91) as scholars sensed more pain after victorious drugs, and slight effect on ice water (97.2%3.17) which make it become the weakest drug. Paracetamol 1000mg reduced the pain for tourniquet signifi faecal mattertly (88.6%7.94) and also did well against ice water (95.2%3.55). Paracetamol 1000mg acted as the silk hat drug for some(prenominal) tourniquet and ice water treatment. These results are shown in Figures 1 and 2 ( see Appendices for raw entropy and summary data).Figure 1. cause of drugs on crocked pain chemical reaction sensed from tourniquet and ice water.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniq uet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. After 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all(a) of the students ( standard error, n=24).Figure 2 Effects of drugs on mean % pain soften retort sensed from tourniquet and ice water.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Students were then separated into groups A, B and C to take drug placebo, paracetamol 1000mg + Codeine 8mg and paracetamol 1000mg respectively. After 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain take aims after pickings drugs were then divided by the pain units forwards taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( standard error, n=24).DiscussionParacetamol is able to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) and it is highly selective for Cytochrome c oxidase subuni t II( COX-2) (Burkhard Hinz2008). Inhibition of COX enzymes causes the concentration of prostaglandin E2 to decrease, as a result, the hypothalamic set-point is lowered to reduce fever and the descending inhibitory serotonergic pathways is activated to produce analgesia (Anderson BJ 2008). Codeine is a pretty weak opioid analgesic. It has to be converted into morphine to function, this can be activated by the CYP2D6 metabolic. Codeine can reduce the analgesic efficacy in as the way it slow down the metabolizer of the drug(C. Mattia 2015). The combination of Paracetamol 1000mg with codeine 8mg is found to be more effective and safer than just using paracetamol or codeine (Aust Dent 2002).On the other hand, placebo would simply have no effect on pain aim as it is just a sugar pill.As morphine inhibits hot and cold pain by inhibiting HPC but increases the firing of the cold cells, this leads to the burning star (Mogil 1999). This directly causes the paracetamol + codeine combination did not act what we thought, the burning sensation reduced the effectiveness of pain relief. As a result, for the ice water test, paracetamol worked as the best treatment and placebo was the weakest treatment.And for the tourniquet test which causes ischemic pain, muscle contraction increases hydrogen ions causes pH decreases and leads to acidosis, and infusion rate of acidic buffer increased and causes pain (Issberner 1996). even so codeine and its product morphine are both hydrogen donors and would further increase the concentration of hydrogen inside muscle and causes more pain (Atkinson AP 2011). This explains why the paracetamol + codeine had controvert effect on tourniquet test.The experiment result did not match up with hypothesis as paracetamol with codeine is not the most effective drug for both ice water and tourniquet tests. There are some steps for this experiment that can be improved. First of all at the beginning of the experiment, students cells were somnolent and takes time to wake up and sense the pain correctly. Especially for ice water, as human skin would always get covered by a seam of oil secreted by sebaceous glands and dirt from environment mixture, the first attempt in ice water would take time to wash the layer off the skin and causes less pain sensed, after taking drugs, students arm were no longer protected and therefore would sense a stronger pain level faster, also the amount of ice in the tank was different and might causes error for the result. For tourniquet, students might not squeeze the rubble bulb correctly and causes variety between two runs.This experiment can be improved by getting a rubble bulb that squeeze itself automatically each time with same strength maintain the ice water with same amount of ice and temperature put arm into the ice water to wash off the layer and also wake it up before attempt the experiment, after five minutes of recovery (let the arm to warm up and get dried) then split up the experimen t. This experiment result can be used in clinical treatment and develop pain-relief drugs.In conclusion, the paracetamol 1000mg is the most effective drug to relieve both ischaemic pain and cold-induced pain.AppendicesTable 1. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking placebo.The mean, median value, standard divergence (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took placebo and after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24).Tourniquet 0Tourniquet 45Ice water 0Ice water 45Tourniquet % controlIce Water % Control380390625640102.6102.433526061067077.6109.833215065562745.295.7four hundre d25037535062.593.340129556459273.6105.027520056357072.7101.232025567557579.785.2265305265300115.1113.2191200577482104.783.544739767266088.898.2169190668646112.496.7245295580535120.492.2280300485390107.180.447543067560590.589.6270285550620105.6112.739030057558576.9101.7380388663675102.1101.8275310445500112.7112.422515038557066.7148.1543580140145106.8103.6400425575525106.391.3325400700700123.1100.016113829127785.795.239524368069761.5102.5n242424242424median328.529557658096.3100.6mean328.29297.33541.38539.0091.7100.7stdev96.97106.14150.86146.4921.213.4SEM19.7921.6730.7929.904.332.74Table 2. Raw data collected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg + codeine 8mg.The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mg + co deine 8mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24).Tourniquet 0Tourniquet 45Ice water 0Ice water 45Tourniquet % controlIce Water % Control38034063062589.599.2533538471525100.9111.5225320550565142.2102.735027559758578.698.034515064767543.5104.357526064552045.280.6175300425530171.4124.724923435329994.084.728016060052057.186.725516364861563.994.926325066066595.1100.8260280355340107.795.8200375440420187.595.518516054032586.560.243536860059584.699.234531553543591.381.331526547257584.1121.8220300575600136.4104.3450545565683121.1120.9235418476523177.9109.9125160595555128.093.3277370670660133.698.56063511500105.097.8460540565378117.466.9n242424242424median270290565542.598.098.2mean299.88297.88546.88529.71105.997.2stdev125.33127.2592.13112.0438.815.5SEM25.5825.9718.8122.877.913.17Table 3 Raw data co llected and summary data for pain sensed before and after taking paracetamol 1000mg.The mean, median, standard deviation (stdev), standard error of the mean (SEM) and n values calculated for pain units and % of pain changed before and after taking placebo.Mean pain units were measured for both tourniquet and ice water method for students. Student took paracetamol 1000mgand after 45 minutes the mean pain units were measured again for all of the students . The pain levels after taking drugs were then divided by the pain units before taking drugs for each student to get the mean % control response ( n=24).Tourniquet 0Tourniquet 45Ice water 0Ice water 45Tourniquet % controlIce Water % Control460480390370104.394.958440098067468.568.8250350550625140.0113.6210225585610107.1104.330017559055558.394.145541553060091.2113.216510046039060.684.82808060040028.666.725719564064575.9100.819518555555094.999.124220056061282.6109.327026040525096.361.733031060563593.9105.029524044537581.484.3313253695655 80.894.26185380290139.376.3205330525570161.0108.61655032543530.3133.8180260675550144.481.523012558561554.3105.137336358544397.375.7170250650625147.196.2275252703009.1111.152841558559578.6101.7n242424242424median263.5245572.5562.586.997.6mean283.04240.46548.75515.3888.695.2stdev123.24125.39143.93131.4938.917.4SEM25.1625.6029.3826.847.943.55ReferencesAnderson BJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) mechanisms of action. 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